Role Of Fathers In Lives Of Children

Role Of Fathers In Lives Of Children Parents serve an important role in the socialization of children by modeling important values, principles, ideals, attitudes, actions and behaviors that influence the physical, emotional and social development of the child. Fathers and mothers have unique differences that cause them to have different parenting roles, that when combined, provide the most comprehensive model to help the child develop successfully. For this reason, children need both parents to help them develop the skills to help them build successful social relations, engage in responsible behavior, develop the confidence and skills to be successful in school and to become well-rounded emotionally, physically and psychologically. Over the last two decades, researchers have begun to pay more attention to the idea that fathers make important contributions to child development (Parke, 2004; Davis Perkins, 1996). Evan (1995) indicates, however, that while fathers have now become the subject of studies and review, this is a relatively new area of study. Given the potential role involved fathers have on the development of their children, it is important to understand how fathers perceive their fathering role and its impact on children. The goal of this paper is to examine the role of fathers in the lives of their children in the literature and to identify a gap in the literature in order to come up with a research question for a future study. Review of the Literature Schock and Gavazzi (2005) observe that despite the expansion of fatherhood literature over the last several decades, not much is understood about the role of fathers in their relationship with problematic adolescents. This has prompted researchers to examine fathers parental skills. For example, Nicholson, Howard and Borkowski (2008) investigated whether fathers were able to display metaparenting skills during the first two years of their childrens lives. Metaparenting refers to a mental plan that parents use when caring for their children across five domains: responding, preventing, monitoring, mentoring, and modeling. To determine how fathers think about and conceive of their parenting strategies, the researchers looked at the two main factors contributing to paternal identity: father absence and the availability of positive parenting role models. The participants included 87 fathers. Fathers were also evaluated for their metaparenting beliefs and behaviors, and assessed for parent ing stress, parenting style, knowledge of child development and child abuse potential. The study revealed that positive parenting role models and intelligence were associated with working models of parenting based on the five components of metaparenting. Furthermore, authoritative parenting and a decrease in abuse potential were related to higher levels of metaparenting. In a previous study, Schock and Gavazzi (2005) used a modified grounded theory approach (i.e., one based on the participants meaningful experiences) to examine the intra-psychic and interpersonal difficulties that fathers had with adolescent daughters who are involved in the court system. Fourteen fathers (mean age=46.6 yrs.) and their daughters (mean age=15.6 yrs) who participated in a family-based diversion program for their at-risk adolescent daughters took part in the study. The goal of the program was to help each family identify and support the developmental needs of their adolescents so that they can successfully move into adulthood. The fathers completed face-to-face semi-structured interviews with the questions addressing topics such as the fathers perception of their relationship with their adolescents, fathers unique skills to cope with the adolescents problematic behavior, and barriers/facilitators for participating in the program. The results indicate that fathers of fem ale adolescents had feelings of uncertainty about their role as parents in four areas: poor understanding of their daughters female issues (e.g., dating, menstruation, etc.), communication barriers related to conversation topics and style of communication, limited involvement due to the absence of shared interests, and indecision about how to address their daughters problematic behavior. Based on the findings by Schock and Gavazzi (2005), it is possible that fathers have communication problems with their teenage daughters because they did not form secure attachments with their daughters during the first two years of their lives. Later studies found similar connection between childrens attachment with their fathers and father involvement. McDonald and Almeida (2004) used an ecological perspective to examine the differential impact of work experiences on fathering experiences at home in 290 fathers (mean age=40). The participants first completed a 30 to 40 minute telephone interview about their daily experiences after which they were mailed a written survey, which asked them questions about how their time was spent in the past 24 hours (e.g., cutbacks at work, and their daily work/family stressors. The authors found that fathers tend to report a greater likelihood of providing emotional support to their children on those days when they experience overloads on the job as well as on days when they cut back their workload. The amount of time that fathers spent with their children was found to be moderated by how much control or latitude they have at work. The authors conclude, however, quantity of time alone may not impact the quality of the fathering experience. This conclusion is supported by Newland, Coyl and Freeman (2008), who investigated the relationships between preschoolers attachment security, fathers involvement and fathering context in 102 culturally diverse U.S. fathers of preschoolers age 2-5. The results indicate that fathers secure attachments with other adults and their use of social support were related to parenting and co-parenting behaviors. These in turn, predict child attachment security. The use of rough housing play was considered the most important predicator of child attachment security, more important than fathers sensitivity and consistency. According to the authors, the findings suggest that fathers play an important role in their childrens attachment security, and that shared father-child activities, parenting consistency and co-parenting behaviors should be emphasized among fathers. An important finding in the literature is that fathering strategies are related to paternal role identity. Maurer (2007) assessed caregiving identities, perceptions of partners expectations and the perceived caregiving behavior in 73 fathers (mean age 33.7 yrs). The researcher found that the perceived behaviors of other fathers were significant predictors of fathers behaviors toward their own children. Bronte-Tinkew, Carrano and Guzman (2006) argue that it is important to determine how fathers identify themselves as parents by examining their perceptions of themselves as fathers. As a result, they investigated the perceptions of resident fathers (i.e., fathers who live with their children) regarding their roles in the lives of their children and how this affect their involvement with infants in five areas: caregiving activities, paternal warmth, nurturing activities, physical care, and providing their child with cognitively stimulating activities. Most of the resident fathers believe d that their role as fathers play an important part in their childrens development. The results further indicate that while most fathers were highly involved in providing physical care to their babies, they were not highly involved in cognitively stimulating activities such as reading with their children. The fathers sociodemographic characteristics (race, marital status, education, and socioeconomic status) impact their perceptions of fathering (e.g., Hispanics and other race fathers had significantly lower positive perceptions of their roles compared to other participants). Married fathers and fathers living above the poverty line had higher scores that unmarried fathers and fathers living below the poverty line. Fathers with infant sons had stronger belief in the importance of their roles and more paternal involvement than those with daughters. The latter finding is supported by Schock and Gavazzi (2005) who found that fathers of adolescent daughters face challenges when communic ating with their adolescent daughters, which is a factor in their indecision about how to deal with the problematic behavior of their daughters. A later study by Wilson, Dalberth and Koo (2010) support and expand the findings of Schock and Gavazzi (2005) and Bronte-Tinkew, Carrano and Guzman (2006) in terms of fathers involvement in their lives. The perspectives of 131 fathers on their role in protecting their pre-teenage children from sexual risk was investigated. The results indicated that while fathers take a strong role in keeping their children safe and successful, some did not talk openly and frequently with their children about sex. Though almost all the fathers agreed that fathers perspectives on the issue of sex are important for children to hear, the gender of their child determined how comfortable they were discussing sexual matters. Fathers felt that they were better suited to discuss topics such as male puberty than female topics such as menstruation. Race also played a factor, with Hispanic fathers reporting that they were more protective of their daughters than their sons. According to Gonzalez-Lopez (2004), Hi spanic fathers believe that delaying sex and using protection are important for protecting their daughters from becoming pregnant and for increasing their opportunities to attend and graduate from college. Gaps in the Literature One area that is has not been fully explored in the literature is the relationship between paternal role identity and fathering outcomes. In other words, none of the studies identified looked at the relationship between how fathers perceive their roles (i.e. how they identify themselves as fathers) and how children actually percieve their relationship with their fathers (i.e., outcome of fathers involvement). Maurer (2007) suggests that fathers perception of societal fathering roles is a good predictor of fathers behaviors. Newland, Coyle and Freeman (2008) found that parenting and co-parenting behaviors in fathers were predictors of child attachment security. Schock and Gavazzi (2005) suggest that a lack of secure attachment between fathers and their daughters lead to communication barriers and indecision about how to address problematic behaviors in their teenage daughters. Bronte-Tinkew, Carrano and Guzman (2006) found that higher positive perception of fathering roles were associ ated with high father involvement in mentally stimulating activities with their children such as reading. These findings suggest that fathers who believe that they have an important place in their children development are more likely to achieve better fathering outcomes such as providing their children with caregiving activities, paternal warmth, nurturing activities and cognitively stimulating activities. Research Question The following research question can be used to address the gap in the literature regarding father role perception and fathering outcomes: What is the relationship between paternal role identity and fathering outcomes? The independent variables related to father involvement were cognitively stimulating activities, physical care, paternal warmth, nurturing activities, caregiving activities.

Plavix Case Study

Patent Games: Plavix Case Study Columbia Southern University Abstract This case study illustrates the conflict between patent protection and preserving a pure competitive market. Pharmaceutical companies are granted patent rights to newly developed drugs for a limited amount of time. Through legal means they are able to form monopolies and maximize their profits. a parent company can move to delay the release of its generic comparison through legal and illegal measures. In the following case Bristol-Myers Squibb fell victim to their own anti-competitive practices. Why did Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Aventis seek a settlement?Apotex had was near the conclusion of the government mandated 30 month stay brought on by Bristol-Myers Squibb to delay them from releasing their generic form of Plavix(Chen, 2011). Bristol-Myers Squibb chose to settle rather than litigate for fear of likely losing any patent litigation. Buying out Apotex which was the only other producer of the drug would pr eserve their monopoly and profit margin. Bristol-Myers Squibb had already had a long history of manipulative practices and had delayed other drugs from entering the market in a similar manner, excessive 30 month stays (FTC, 2003).They had been taking advantage of a loophole in the Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations system known as the Orange Book (FTC, 2003). Litigation would bring further attention to the practices within the pharmaceutical industry and encourage government intervention. Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Aventis prevents Apotex from launching generic drug. Pharmaceutical companies are well within their rights to push for extensions on their patents (Baron, 2010). Bristol-Myers Squibb however did not take a legal approach to this.They should not have attempted to pay Apotex 40-60 million dollars to prevent them from launching their generic drug. The Federal Trade Commission must approve of any such agreement to ensure that it does not violate anti-trust laws. Their a ttempted agreement was collusion. Their attempt to limit the production of Apotex was illegal and therefore rejected by governing bodies. Sherman’s strategy Bristol-Myers Squibb’s deceptive practices were likely to catch up to them. This occurred when they crossed paths with Sherman who led Apotex at the time.After everything settled Sherman acknowledged in an interview that he knew the FTC would reject the proposed agreements made by Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi. He also recognized that their spokesman didn’t realize his offer would cause adverse action against Bristol-Myers Squibb (Baron, 2010). He played to their ignorance and entered the agreement. There is no direct answer to the ethics of Sherman’s strategy. He did not actively participate or even condone Brisol-Myers Squibb’s collusion; in fact he knew the agreement would be rejected.There is no way of truly knowing whether Sherman acted with malice when implementing his strategy. Should the FTC and the state attorneys general have rejected the agreements? The FTC and state attorney was right in rejecting Brisol-Myers Squibb’s proposed agreements on the grounds that it is an anti-competitive practice. The second agreement would have been rejected as well provided Bristol-Myers Squibb was completely honest with the FTC. Upon submission of the second agreement to the department of justice they affirmed under oath that all agreements were as listed on the document with no side arrangements (Chen, 2011).After the initiation of an investigation conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigations Bristol-Myers Squibb plead guilty to two counts of fraud. Did Bristol-Myers Squibb likely violate the deferred prosecution agreement? Bristol-Myers Squib’s board of directors were not going to allow their organization to violate the deferred prosecution agreement. A corporation in its position must remain clean and ethical to rebuild especially while under the supervi sion of government assigned federal monitor Frederick Lacy. The firing of CEO Peter Dolan was a sign that Bristol-Myers Squibb was trying to recover.References Baron, D. P. (2010). Business and its environment (6th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Chen, Q. (2011). Destroying A Pharmaceutical Patent for Saving Lives: A Case Study of Sanofi- Synthelabo V. Apotex, Inc. Albany Law Journal. Retrieved from http://www. albanylawjournal. org/articles/chen_3. pdf Federal Trade Commission. (2003). FTC Charges Bristol-Myers Squibb with Pattern of Abusing Government Processes to Stifle Generic Drug Competition. Retrieved from http://www. ftc. gov/opa/2003/03/bms. shtm Plavix Case Study Patent Games: Plavix Case Study Columbia Southern University Abstract This case study illustrates the conflict between patent protection and preserving a pure competitive market. Pharmaceutical companies are granted patent rights to newly developed drugs for a limited amount of time. Through legal means they are able to form monopolies and maximize their profits. a parent company can move to delay the release of its generic comparison through legal and illegal measures. In the following case Bristol-Myers Squibb fell victim to their own anti-competitive practices. Why did Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Aventis seek a settlement?Apotex had was near the conclusion of the government mandated 30 month stay brought on by Bristol-Myers Squibb to delay them from releasing their generic form of Plavix(Chen, 2011). Bristol-Myers Squibb chose to settle rather than litigate for fear of likely losing any patent litigation. Buying out Apotex which was the only other producer of the drug would pr eserve their monopoly and profit margin. Bristol-Myers Squibb had already had a long history of manipulative practices and had delayed other drugs from entering the market in a similar manner, excessive 30 month stays (FTC, 2003).They had been taking advantage of a loophole in the Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations system known as the Orange Book (FTC, 2003). Litigation would bring further attention to the practices within the pharmaceutical industry and encourage government intervention. Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Aventis prevents Apotex from launching generic drug. Pharmaceutical companies are well within their rights to push for extensions on their patents (Baron, 2010). Bristol-Myers Squibb however did not take a legal approach to this.They should not have attempted to pay Apotex 40-60 million dollars to prevent them from launching their generic drug. The Federal Trade Commission must approve of any such agreement to ensure that it does not violate anti-trust laws. Their a ttempted agreement was collusion. Their attempt to limit the production of Apotex was illegal and therefore rejected by governing bodies. Sherman’s strategy Bristol-Myers Squibb’s deceptive practices were likely to catch up to them. This occurred when they crossed paths with Sherman who led Apotex at the time.After everything settled Sherman acknowledged in an interview that he knew the FTC would reject the proposed agreements made by Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi. He also recognized that their spokesman didn’t realize his offer would cause adverse action against Bristol-Myers Squibb (Baron, 2010). He played to their ignorance and entered the agreement. There is no direct answer to the ethics of Sherman’s strategy. He did not actively participate or even condone Brisol-Myers Squibb’s collusion; in fact he knew the agreement would be rejected.There is no way of truly knowing whether Sherman acted with malice when implementing his strategy. Should the FTC and the state attorneys general have rejected the agreements? The FTC and state attorney was right in rejecting Brisol-Myers Squibb’s proposed agreements on the grounds that it is an anti-competitive practice. The second agreement would have been rejected as well provided Bristol-Myers Squibb was completely honest with the FTC. Upon submission of the second agreement to the department of justice they affirmed under oath that all agreements were as listed on the document with no side arrangements (Chen, 2011).After the initiation of an investigation conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigations Bristol-Myers Squibb plead guilty to two counts of fraud. Did Bristol-Myers Squibb likely violate the deferred prosecution agreement? Bristol-Myers Squib’s board of directors were not going to allow their organization to violate the deferred prosecution agreement. A corporation in its position must remain clean and ethical to rebuild especially while under the supervi sion of government assigned federal monitor Frederick Lacy. The firing of CEO Peter Dolan was a sign that Bristol-Myers Squibb was trying to recover.References Baron, D. P. (2010). Business and its environment (6th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Chen, Q. (2011). Destroying A Pharmaceutical Patent for Saving Lives: A Case Study of Sanofi- Synthelabo V. Apotex, Inc. Albany Law Journal. Retrieved from http://www. albanylawjournal. org/articles/chen_3. pdf Federal Trade Commission. (2003). FTC Charges Bristol-Myers Squibb with Pattern of Abusing Government Processes to Stifle Generic Drug Competition. Retrieved from http://www. ftc. gov/opa/2003/03/bms. shtm

My College Experience - 1176 Words

My first semester of college taught me the importance of balance. When I got to college, I thought life would be easy, especially when I learned that all classes were not mandatory. After the first day of classes, I had made the resolution to be relentless about my schoolwork and remain focused. However, I did not realize how many diversions there were in college. Every other weekend there was a party or even going on. At first, I remained diligent about my school work. I stayed in my room and did all of my readings and homework early so that I did not forget to do it. After a while, however, I began to envy my friends who had stories about how much fun they had at the parties. Therefore, after being in school for about three weeks, I†¦show more content†¦As the semester came to a close, I checked my grades, and I had a 3.0! I was elated! Part one: Vocabulary According to the passage, the word aspired means: To be To wish To work for To not want According to the passage, the word diligent means: Weak Focused Hard working Wishful A synonym for the word mandatory would be required. True False An antonym for the word feasible would be possible. True False According to the passage, alleviate means: To want To relieve To aggravate To escalate An antonym for ominous would be promising. True False A synonym for condone would be accept. True False According to the passage, the word esteem means: Help Respect Love Attention According to the passage, the word aloof means: Not Friendly Dark Dangerous Scary According to the passage, the word averse means: Against Warning Happy for Accepting of Part Two: Understanding the Passage What is the main point of the above passage? Teachers are mean to students. Partying is wrong. Students shouldn’t sacrifice class to party. None of the above Is the main idea of the passage implied or directly stated: Implied Directly Stated Which of the following is not a supporting idea: My first semester of college taught me the importance of balance. I stayed in my room and did all of my readings and homework early so that I did not forget to do it. Over the next few weeks, I started partying more than I went to class. As a result, I had to try to pull my grades back up. This passage usesShow MoreRelatedMy College Experience And My Experience In College922 Words   |  4 Pages When I walked into college for the first time I had various expectations. Some of which were good and some were bad. For instance, after listening to people talk about it, just the thought of going to college was terrifying to even contemplate, but then sometimes it would appear to be impossible. However, after experiencing college firsthand I can say that my expectation and the reality were quite different. Although it can be intimidating, an enormous amount of work, and a considerable amountRead MoreMy Experience Of My College Experience1571 Words   |  7 PagesCollege has been a different type of experience†¦ Throughout this essay I will explain just how different my life has been in my first semester of college by the things that I have learned about myself and my habits, as well as what my goals are and how exactly I will get to succeeding in those goals. While college is hard and may be a different it is definitely an experience that I have truly love having. College has taught me that my high school did not prepare me at all to go to college. WhenRead MoreMy College Experience In College763 Words   |  4 PagesGoing to college is a whole knew experience, and it can be scary to some freshman. Going to college can be a great experience or it can not be a great experience it all depends on yourself. Going to college may mean bad eating habits, or there may be a high level of stress. Going to college may mean that it is the first time to be away from home all on your own. There are many aspects of being a freshman in college, and One aspect that every freshman at a university experiences is living on theirRead MoreMy College Experience790 Words   |  4 PagesCollege is all of what you make it. You meet many new people, and see many faces. You will start new friendships, and possibly end some that you’ve had for a while; just know that it’s okay when it happens. Friends come and go, especially in this big transition. That’s what the college experience is, one big transition. Whether you are moving to a new city/state or even just moving down the street, college is a whole new chapter. It does pay off to be social in college, but you still need to haveRead MoreMy College Experience874 Words   |  4 Pagesof going off to college for the first time, made me a little bit nervous. 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My career thus far has allowed me to work at a Community College, where I have taken a keenRead MoreMy Experience At Spelman College878 Words   |  4 PagesIn my first reflection, I elaborated on my personal goals in relation to my experiences at Spelman College. I spoke about how those experiences have influenced my goals. Since then my goals have not changed, however I have become more determined to reach those goals. My overall determination stems from the fact that I am surrounded by a vast group of intelligent and talented women. My Spelman sisters push me to reach greater heights, and they encourage me to not just be mediocre. Therefore, the consistency

Crystal Violet Solution for the Gram Stain

This is the recipe for the crystal violet stain used in the Gram stain and other staining procedures. Crystal Violet Ingredients 2 g crystal violet20 ml 95% ethyl alcohol0.8 g ammonium citrate monohydrate80 ml deionized water Prepare Crystal Violet Stain Dissolve 2 g crystal violet in 20 ml of 95% ethyl alcohol.Dissolve 0.8 g ammonium oxalate monohydrate in 80 ml deionized water.Mix the crystal violet and ammonium oxalate monohydrate solutions to make the crystal violet stain. Filter the stain if necessary.

The Rights of Illegal Immigrants - 3191 Words

As the number of illegal immigrants entering the United States begins to increase once more, the issue of allowing or prohibiting immigrants to gain temporary status in order to obtain work continues to create national problems. According to a report given by the Department of Homeland Security, it is estimated that the number of immigrants entering the U.S. is at about 1.1 million people per year. (Hanson Par. 1) These individuals come into the United States in search of better living conditions and opportunities. However, these immigrants face challenges when it comes to work and other types of living. The current federal government has not established a secure and assuring law in favor or against illegal immigrants working in the†¦show more content†¦These two views will be compared within the current issue at hand. First, utilitarianism thinks the consequences, or results are the most important consideration in moral questions. (Wyma P. 26) Utilitarians emphasize the idea that whether good or bad, the result of something should make the world a better place. Bringing in these immigrants will help to strengthen the economy, bring in work and boost prosperity for the nation and its citizens. It will make the majority of the nation happy for the most part, because these workers are here on visas (not illegal), and are skilled rather than just workers crossing the border. For those who do not like this idea, well â€Å"the needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few† (Wyma P. 26), as long as it helps to boost the economy. This position is more of an unconstrained way of thinking, because this will help to shape the population and society to become better with immigrant labor, helping to boost the economy and job market. With the problem at hand, utilitarians present a more internationalist approach, emphasizing that all are welcome and will help to contribute to the economical and political aspects of a society, rather than just the members of the nation alone. Though some may not like the idea, it will help to shape society as a whole in a positive manner. The strength behind this ethical position is that it will help to bring about a well-being to the United States. If it helps most of theShow MoreRelatedIllegal Immigrants And The United States1248 Words   |  5 Pagesa half million unauthorized immigrants in the United States in 2014. The population has remained stable for five years, and currently makes up three and half percent of the nation’s population. In the United States Labor Force, there were eight million unauthorized immigrants either working or looking for work in 2014. Is it ethical to employ illegal immigrants? According to the Pew Research Center, Currently, â€Å"49% of US citizens agree with the statement â€Å"immigrants today strengthen the countryRead MoreIllegal Immigration Should Not Invest Or Enforce On Current Method Of Border Security Essay1579 Words   |  7 Pages Illegal immigration cases have been booming in an unprecedented rate in the U.S. since the late 1990s. To absolve this matter, borde r security has been enforced throughout the entire country with the objective to reduce the entry of illegal immigrants across the border, wherein such acts to do so has been initiated such as the mass deportation of illegal immigrants, increasing security in national border and screening. This whole initiative has reduced the number of immigrants living in the U.SRead MoreThe Dream Act Of The United States891 Words   |  4 PagesPeople in America Should be More Respectful to the Illegal Immigrants DREAM Act. Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection. Detroit: Gale, 2016. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 5 Apr. 2016. The Dream Act is on foreign immigrants that want to have the opportunity to come to America for a better education. Discussing the Dream Act’s history background and how it is affecting people in today’s society. According to â€Å"Dream Act† states, â€Å"In the following years, however, a rising number of statesRead MoreShould Illegal Immigrants Be Allowed?857 Words   |  4 PagesShould Illegal Immigrants Be Able to Have Driver’s Licenses? The national debate of whether or not illegal immigrants should be able to obtain driver s licenses is not an easy issue to resolve. Two different sides have strong, valid points that adequately support their claims. So prior to making any rational decisions, both viewpoints should be closely observed. After a lot of research and deep thinking, I have decided that I am against the notion of illegal immigrants being grantedRead MoreImmigration : The United States1087 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican citizens. It is the jobs of American citizens to be given more to this illegal immigrant. I believe the U.S. borders should remain closed. While it is clear that opening the borders can have benefits, I believe it is more important to keep jobs available for Americans. In my opinion, I think the US borders should remain close because Citizens` or Americans` should be the first getting opportunity better than an Immigrant. The US should close its borders because open borders we aken the US economyRead MoreIllegal Immigrants Exploited During The Workplace1675 Words   |  7 Pages9, 2017 Research Paper: Illegal Immigrants Exploited In The Workplace In the United States, the number of illegal immigrants has stayed steady, landing at 11.3 million. (Blanco, 3). About 8 million of the undocumented immigrants are holding a job, making up 10% of the workforce in the U.S. Most of them look for jobs that do not require validation of citizenship and pay under the table; however, most of them also do not understand the dangers of being an illegal immigrant in the workplace. (fig.Read MoreThe Economic Impact Of Illegal Immigration902 Words   |  4 PagesThe economic impact of illegal immigrants in Texas has brought concerns for the state s economy. Such as opportunities, health care, and education. Illegal immigrants contribute both positively and negatively to the Texas economy. They contribute positively by paying for taxes such as sales taxes, health taxes and taxes imposed on items. The negative impacts these immigrants have on the Texas economy seems to overweigh these positive impacts. Their presence has made general wages go dow n for unqualifiedRead MoreImmigration : Amnesty Or Amnesia1305 Words   |  6 Pagesor Amnesia Immigrants cross the American border with hope of a better life so; the subject of illegal immigration is greatly debated topic in the United States. With all things considered illegal immigrations affects everyone. These undocumented people can be a neighbor, a waiter, or even a housekeeper. The controversy behind illegal immigrants is whether or not they should be reprimanded for violations of immigration laws. According to the Arizona Sentinel Newspaper, illegal immigrants should beRead MoreIllegal Immigrants, Health Care, And Social Responsibility1430 Words   |  6 Pages209 Illegal Immigrants, Health Care, and Social Responsibility Immigration has been and is one big problem that is widespread these days. Immigration means to move from one country to another for the purpose of one better life, better job, better health etc. The other problem that comes with immigration is the illegal immigration that in these days is growing up so fast. Illegal immigration is a problem that affects all the developed countries like America. An illegal immigrant is definedRead MoreIllegal Immigrants in the United States Essay1209 Words   |  5 PagesMany people in America have something against immigrants who come to this country looking for a better life and to escape from violence. â€Å"It is certainly not fair that undocumented immigrant workers do not pay taxes, and it is certainly unfair that they use public services without contributing to it† (Miller 55). For these Americans, their perspective on illegal immigrants is that they are nothing but a waste of space in this country and they are taking away this country ’s resources and money with

How Did Manifest Destiny Manifest Itself Free Essays

How did Manifest Destiny manifest itself? Manifest Destiny manifested itself in several ways during the period 1840-1896. Almost every major crisis or notable event was somehow related to manifest destiny. To understand the meaning of Manifest Destiny, we need to go back to its origins. We will write a custom essay sample on How Did Manifest Destiny Manifest Itself? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The term Manifest Destiny was first used by John O? Sullivan in July-August 1845, in the Democratic review; â€Å"our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions† O? Sullivan said this while asking Congress for the annexation of Texas. The annexation followed quickly after but O? Sullivan? s use of sentence was barely noticed. Later in 1845, O? Sullivan reused the phrase but this time it created an extremely influential political idea. The general idea of Sullivan? s phrase was that God gave the United States of America territory so that the American people could travel westwards and settle on land that was rightfully theirs. We can notice that Manifest Destiny is a racial doctrine and it put forward the white supremacy. Some people say, that the idea served as a justification for the expropriation of Native American lands. This theory cost the death of many Whites, Blacks and Native Americans. O? Sullivan created the perfect excuse for politicians like Polk, to push forward their plans of expansion in the West. James Polk was the 11th President of the United States and was in charge during both of the annexation of Texas and the Mexican War. He is one of the only presidents that competed his agenda while he was in his office. He was the last president before the outbreak of the Civil War. He is mostly remembered for his foreign policy success. The only reason Polk was not criticized a lot about the war was that he put forward Manifest Destiny. He stated that he was fighting for the Americans so that they could move westwards into new land. While the Mexican war was going on, Polk managed to increase the size of Texas, gain new territories of California, Nevada and Utah. This war of two years resulted in the treaty of Guadeloupe. According to different Sources, the treaty of Guadeloupe gave the USA an area of land from 900,000 square miles. Because of all this new and unpopulated land, the American government was keen on populating these areas to get for example more export availabilities. This caused a lot of Americans to move west because it was a new opportunity for them. From 1940 to 1962, four new laws were put through which encouraged people to move westwards. The Religion of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, more commonly known as the Mormons was another cause why the western borders were shaped by Manifest Destiny. The Mormons claimed that people from Jerusalem were helped by god to get to the western hemisphere 600 years before Jesus Christ was born. According to Smith, the western land was rightfully the property of the Mormons and therefore resembles with the doctrine of Manifest Destiny. Smith died before being able to bring his people west. The LDS were persecuted so much because of their beliefs in Ohio and Illinois, that when Brigham Young took over, he started going westwards. The plan was to escape was to create a religious state in Utah. On the way to the West, they were attacked by both Native Americans and other Whites (mostly Mormons). When they arrived, Young founded Salt Lake City and became governor of Utah. It was in Utah, where the Mormons fought bitterly against other religious movements because of their previous hounding. The Oregon Boundary Dispute was another incident that was the cause of manifest destiny. It had been a problem since 1818 when the USA and Britain claimed that the Oregon territory was their own. To avoid war, the two countries occupied the territory and waited for a permanent solution instead. In 1844, there was another presidential election and Polk was a candidate. He promised them that he would fight for the boundary to be put at 54 40-north latitude. At the same time, war tensions were at an all time height because both countries wanted land and were ready to fight for it so therefore the Treaty of Washington was signed. It gave the USA and Britain, equal amounts of new land. Westward travel was made easier because railroads were built around America. It was the country with the most developed railroads and they were built quickly around the country. In the end, America had over 30,000 miles of railroads. Following the railroads, a Transcontinental Railroad was built between 1863 and 1869. Americans didn? t want to cross salt flats and deserts so they wanted to be able to assert their right of manifest destiny. The railroads meant that Americans could now go around America until the Rockies in the far west. Before people didn? go into the west but the railroads made it easy to get there and people found resources in the ground which gave them money and the opportunity of a new way of living. A lot of people from the east who fought in the Civil War moved to the west because they saw a new opportunity of prosperity. This also helped the transcontinental railroad. Like a lot of other events, which were related to manifest destiny, minorities were abused. It was the Irish and the Chinese, which spent the most time on the railroads but in the end, it was the whites, which benefited the most from the economical growth. Behind this national triumph, the Native Americans and the Chinese immigrants were completely socially excluded. Another aspect of manifest destiny is the American reaction when gold was discovered in California. It was found at the Sutter? s mill by James Marshall in 1848. The gold rush lasted from 1848 to 1855 and it was a huge boom for California. Manifest Destiny developed in a completely different idea during that period. The WASP? s were actively looking for gold and they tried to prevent the minorities from finding any expensive resources. The Whites also benefited from the treaty of Govt. While the whites found minerals, the water of the Native Americans was poisoned and not clean so therefore they suffered from disease and sometimes-even death. Native Americans also died of smallpox and other rear diseases At the start of Manifest Destiny, less then 20,000 people lived in California. By 1855, there were over 300,000 gold seekers. Because of this massive increase, anti-foreigner laws were passed. Racist ideas were passed on in generations and the tax for immigrants got increased so that they would move out of America. Manifest Destiny was again used as an excuse for white supremacy. Sometimes, the government just took land and said that God told them to. After a few years, California became its own state when all the Native Americans were gone. People, which were pro- slavery, argued that manifest destiny allowed them to bring their slaves into the new land. In their point of view, they helped the slaves because they gave them food and a few supplies but in fact the slaves were treated badly and it wasn? t right to do it. Before the Mexican war, there had been 15 pro-slavery states and 15 anti-slavery states. In 1850, the Missouri Compromise took place. The compromise included: The admission of California as a free state * The Texas dept. would be taken to the federal government * A better Fugitive Slave Act (FSA) * The continuation of slavery but the abolition of slavery in Washington DC In the Kansas-Nebraska problem, manifest destiny manifested itself in several ways. Because Kansas was on the border between the South and the North, there was a big problem fo r the government whether to allow slavery or not. There was a public outcry when Douglas, who was the runner up for the presidency as a democrat, repealed the 1820 Missouri Compromise. Obviously, the north didn? t want any more slave states. To oppose the idea of Kansas, the northerners shipped people to Kansas while the south send people over the border into the state. Eventually a fight broke up and there were murders. In the end, unfortunately for Douglas, the problem he had caused was the end of Manifest Destiny. So instead of getting stronger and unifying the democrats, Douglas had split the party into two. When the conflict came to an end, when the west had been populated, the land taken and the American Indians killed, manifest destiny was just not what it had been before. There was no more land to capture but unfortunately that didn? t mean the end of Manifest Destiny. According to Turner? s theory, the frontier drew and promoted some types of people which wouldn? t have risen as high without the frontier. It could almost be called the survival of the fittest. The ones that adapted best got the most out of their own situation. Jameson on the other hand claimed, that the frontier held back the revolutionaries so when the frontier was gone, the people ceased to be revolutionary. To oppose this theory, Turner argues because of this, these men and women flourished. The difference between the two men was that Jameson looks at the frontier as a very active agent, which formed the people while Turner states that the frontier attracted people which were looking for a new opportunity. Manifest Destiny had a lot of serious consequences for Native Americans, since the expansion into the West by the Americans meant the occupation and annexation of Native American land. This land was sometimes even used to expand slavery. The Americans only recognized parts of the Indian territory and this was supported by the Washington Administration which was signed by Henry Knox who was the Secretary of War. As a conclusion, manifest destiny manifested itself during almost every major event in the period 1840-1896. It was the reason of every conflict, in the minds of every pioneer and behind every political move towards the expansion of the United States of America. It had three main components but most saw the doctrine as a literal thought. Many said that it was a White man? s yoke to bear. A minority saw in it a sense of a mission. They saw a historical need that America needed to expand to be able to rule the whole continent. Yet for all these rather positive aims, Manifest Destiny had its dark side. The negative thing about Manifest Destiny is that apparently it gave the whites the right to burn, kill and raze anything that came in their way of expanding into the west. No one thought about what they were doing to the Native Americans until after they were dead. I think, the Americans used manifest destiny as a rallying cry, which said: â€Å"We are superior, we are better than you. † In other words, America manifested itself to satisfy the hunger for land that the American people had at the time. It served as a way to greaten the United States of America and please its people. How to cite How Did Manifest Destiny Manifest Itself?, Essay examples

Development of Technologies and Introduction †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Development of Technologies and Introduction. Answer: Introduction: In the respective essay The work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, Walter Benjamin shed a light on ways in which human perception was influenced by the development of technologies and introduction of the new medium of expressions like films and photography. Today the visual works of art underwent a sea change with the advent of phenomenal development in technologies and digital medium of expression. Perception is now presented in a unique way to achieve universal appeal. It has been further studied from the research article on the pioneer pictorial photographer Henry Peach Robinson, that presenting imagination in photography with aesthetic appeal to achieve timelessness like the popular painting was a unique approach and became popular in his time ("Masters of Photography - Henry Peach Robinson", 2017). He was the first artist to blend artistic appeal into photography with the help of unique technology. He made use of multiple negatives to create a unique single image whi ch is often identified as the predecessor of the photomontage technique. Thus, at a very early age of photography, he made use of available technology to represent his imagination. In the later age though Benjamin criticised stating that with advancement towards film and photography the mechanical reproduction of art lost its original aura of imagination represented through the camera. Thus, while few supported that mechanical support was needed to present art and photography in a much better way and the works of Robinson sings the tale of this pioneering attempt. Several argued against it ("Henry Peach Robinson | British photographer", 2017). When something is reproduced for so many times is that art? What's the importance of the mechanical reproducibility of the art? What was the impact on mechanical reproducibility on the society? In relation to this point, thinker Benjamin pointed out that multiple representations of the art work reduces the original appeal of the creation and transforms it into a mass product for mass consumption. Mechanical support has helped to transform art into a product and sells to earn revenue. For example, the work of art of Raja Ravi Verma in the late nineteenth century became popular in the consumer market and his creation of images of deities was hung on the walls of the Indian homes and worshipped on daily basis. The aesthetic art journey he considered to represent Gods through paintings soon got lost under the techniques of mass production through mechanical advancement (PEIM, 2010). The richness of art and the originality of his creation were lost with the removal of authority and thus support Benjamins argument here on liberation as a moss of authority in regards to mass consumption and transforming great works of art into popular images. Society today successfully made use of mechanical reproducibility and multiplied production of photographs or artworks in copied form. This has in a way led to the loss of the charm of the original work and also affected the aesthetic intensity of the creative pursuit. Is photography art, or contribution to the art? Is it just a tool used by artists? Is photography art, or contribution to the art is a debatable question that has triggered argument since the inception of photography. Iconic photographers like Henry Peach Robinson was identified as the pictorial photographer and a founder of pictorial photography, while others argued that photographs should be developed from photography techniques (Krages, 2012). Photographic creations from Henry Cartier-Bresson, Enrich Salomon took photography to the next level. While initial photography and pictorial photographs were mostly inspired by paintings of the previous times, and in the case of Robinson was influenced by Pre-Raphaelites painting. Thus various forms and techniques were involved to delineate the imagination of the photographer through lenses and technology and hence enriched the art world. Artists make use of various tools and techniques in the present world and represent their creative pursuit on paper or digital medium. How and why Henry Pitch Robinson created Fading Away? What was the reason? The epoch-making pictorial delight by Henry Peach Robinson Fade Away, was a unique picture skilfully printed from five different negatives to depict the pain of the family as they silently suffer and watch the peaceful death of a young girl (Wullen, Derenthal, Harder Ku?hn, 2010). The grieving family and death of the girl was an idea conceived and presented from his imagination in a most beautiful way in an age when he had limited support from technology. He transformed his imagination into photo art through using five different negatives, an approach which was later used in photomontage technique to tastefully present the poetry of approaching death in a most painful yet aesthetic way (Olson, 2011). If mechanical reproduction created revolution, what is happening now with the Photography has impacted the world of art and influenced some changes in the area of accessibility to art. If mechanical reproduction created revolution, what is happening now with the digitalization? According to Benjamin, mechanical reproduction of artwork leads to the creation of something new and unique. The rapid digitisation of art in the present times is a continuation of what was introduced and argued by Benjamin in the essay in 1936. The present-day mechanism has made distributing art simpler. The process of reproduction enhanced. Today Van Goghs starry night could be seen on the internet from any remote location. The individual no longer has to travel down to the great gallery in Paris or invest in expensive books of art. One could even download the image of Starry Night almost free of cost and even use it as a reference and play with the similar palette on software like Photoshop to create digital art work from Van Goghs classic ("Masters of Photography - Henry Peach Robinson", 2017). The physical barriers of great art works have decreased with time and digital medium have armed non-artists to use the tools and voice their imagination in a picturesque manner. Today, if someone lacks the skill of painting or sketch, could easily make use of various digital technologies and present his imagination in an aesthetic manner. Digital mechanism has liberated art and empowered several artists. People with low skill set could use this technological support and create unique art works. Limitations and barriers in art world have reduced with time since the development of mechanical reproduction. Though, it has been time and again argued that multiple reproduction leads to loss of original aura and the authentic charm of the classic work and even thinkers like Abel Gance compared modern films and photographic attempts with Egyptian hieroglyphs that were pictorial language for communication without any aesthetic base ("Henry Peach Robinson | British photographer", 2017). Though a group of classical artists refuse to respect and accept new attempts and initiative considered by photographers since ages. For example, the famous England based photographer and the l eader of Pictorialist movement, Henry Peach Robinsons works too faced severe criticism and photographer Henry Emerson mentioned that photographic images should never be altered after exposure, yet he remained as one of the most influential pictorial photographers of all time and is still remembered and referred for uniqueness and innovative approaches in photography (PEIM, 2010). References Henry Peach Robinson | British photographer. (2017).Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 September 2017, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Peach-Robinson Henry Peach Robinson | British photographer. (2017).Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 September 2017, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Peach-Robinson#ref12958 Krages, B. (2012).Photography. New York: Constable Robinson. Masters of Photography - Henry Peach Robinson. (2017).YouTube. Retrieved 22 September 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEA79UkCnbg Olson, T. (2011). Reproductive Horror: Sixteenth-Century Mexican Pictures in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction.Oxford Art Journal,34(3), 449-469. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxartj/kcr041 PEIM, N. (2010). Walter Benjamin in the Age of Digital Reproduction: Aura in Education: A Rereading of The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction.Journal Of Philosophy Of Education,41(3), 363-380. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9752.2007.00579.x Wullen, M., Derenthal, L., Harder, M., Ku?hn, C. (2010).Museum of Photography. Leipzig: E.A. Seeman.